DIVISION S-1—SOIL PHYSICS Electrical Resistivity Imaging for Detecting Soil Cracking at the Centimetric Scale
نویسندگان
چکیده
soil water content. Mackie-Dawson et al. (1989) studied the evolution of the cracking system in the first 10 cm Electrical resistivity measurements at high resolution (1.5-cm elecof soil by using vertical image analysis. They observed trode spacing) were performed to detect, from the soil surface, small cracks developing within the soil. We recorded a vertical electrical significant soil structural changes during an annual cycle pseudo-section in a decimetric undisturbed homogenous soil block of drying and wetting. Up to now, crack networks have (silt loam) for different artificial cracking stages. Because of the unusubeen described traditionally, either by measuring manually reduced electrode spacing associated with an air-dried soil surface, ally in the field the crack geometry that forms at the a specific Cu/CuSO4 electrode was designed for precision wet contact soil surface (Blackwell et al., 1985; Lima and Grismer, at given points. The apparent resistivity measurements of the pseudo1992; Ringrose-Voase and Sanidad, 1996; Tuong et al., section and the interpreted data inverted by using the Res2Dinv 1996), or automatically by using two-dimensional image software are discussed. The range of interpreted electrical resistivity analysis (Bullock and Murphy, 1980; Hallaire, 1984; associated with cracking is considerable, (from 168 to 2185 m) McGarry et al., 2000; Scott et al., 1986; Stadler et al., because the cracks are filled with air that is an infinitely resistant 2000; Stengel, 1988; Velde et al., 1996). Image analysis medium. Results showed that even small structures cause perceptible changes in resistivity that can be detected by the electrical resistivity was widely used to calculate morphological parameters method. Results also showed that specific software is required to of cracks. VandenBygaart et al. (1999) performed mipredict real crack depth. croscopic observations and showed a development of soil structure with time in an 11-yr chronosequence of no-tillage. They noticed that the number of horizontally O arable land, soil can be compacted by traffic, oriented elongated macropores in the top 5 to 15 cm hard setting, and crusting processes. Soil structure increased because of the absence of tillage and of the can be regenerated after compaction by tillage operacombination of annual freeze–thaw processes. McGarry tions, biological processes, and climate processes. With et al. (2000) assessed soil structure from traditional and new agricultural practices such as reduced tillage or zero-till treatments in a Vertisol. They recorded a no-tillage, soil structure mostly regenerates via natural greater volume of large pores (1.5to 3-mm equivalent processes. Thus, better understanding of climate effects diameter in size) after 8 yr of zero-till and a greater is needed, especially the ability for soil to recover porosvolume of pores of smaller size (0.74to 1.0-mm equivaity by crack formation due to swelling and shrinking. lent diameter) after 8 yr of traditional tillage. Voorhees (1983) pointed out the role played by natural Models that are based on these experimental observaprocesses, such as soil freezing and thawing, and wetting tions and that describe crack growth are already availand drying, decrease penetration resistance in the tilled able. Horgan and Young (2000) developed a two-dimenlayer of a compacted soil by about 50%, depending on sional empirical model based on random processes whose parameters are not directly related to the properA. Samouëlian and I. Cousin, INRA, Unité de Science du Sol, Avenue ties of a real soil. Perrier et al. (1999) used fractals de la Pomme de Pin, BP 20619, 45166 Olivet, Cedex, France; G. to describe the cracking patterns that appeared in a Richard, INRA, Unité d’Agronomie, Rue Fernand Christ, 02007 Laon homogeneous soil. Chertkov and Ravina (1998) develCedex, France; A. Tabbagh, UMR 7619 “Sisyphe”, Case 105, 4 place oped a physically based probabilistic model of crack Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France; A. Bruand, ISTO, Université d’Orléans, network geometry and observed a good agreement with Géosciences, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France. Received 1 July 2002. *Corresponding author ([email protected]). one-dimensional experimental data. Hallaire (1988) used image analysis to describe a three-dimensional Published in Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 67:1319–1326 (2003). model with cubic geometry and isotropic shrinking. Soil Science Society of America 677 S. Segoe Rd., Madison, WI 53711 USA However, because the tensile and shearing stresses
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